{"id":4117,"date":"2015-11-14T18:18:51","date_gmt":"2015-11-14T16:18:51","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.blazejstrba.eu\/?p=4117"},"modified":"2015-12-08T09:52:07","modified_gmt":"2015-12-08T07:52:07","slug":"akra-pevnost","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blazejstrba.eu\/it\/akra-pevnost\/","title":{"rendered":"Op\u00e4\u0165 Akra"},"content":{"rendered":"<h4>P\u00e1r faktov na \u00favod<\/h4>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4119\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4119\" style=\"width: 217px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.blazejstrba.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/151103-AKRA-PEVNOST-ZVULUN-JERUZALEM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-4119\" src=\"http:\/\/www.blazejstrba.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/151103-AKRA-PEVNOST-ZVULUN-JERUZALEM.png\" alt=\"foto: Zvunun\" width=\"217\" height=\"141\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blazejstrba.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/151103-AKRA-PEVNOST-ZVULUN-JERUZALEM.png 418w, https:\/\/blazejstrba.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/151103-AKRA-PEVNOST-ZVULUN-JERUZALEM-300x195.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 217px) 100vw, 217px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4119\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Givati parking, vykop\u00e1vky; Foto: R. Zvunun<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Akra (v hebrej\u010dine \u05d7\u05e7\u05e8\u05d0 alebo \u05d7\u05e7\u05e8\u05d4, je prepis z gr\u00e9ckeho A\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1) bola opevnen\u00e1 mas\u00edvna stavba v Jeruzaleme, ktor\u00fa dal postavi\u0165 vl\u00e1dca Seleukovskej r\u00ed\u0161e a ob\u00e1van\u00fd heleniz\u00e1tor Antiochus Epif\u00e1nes (175 \u2013 164 p. n. l.), po tom \u010do vydrancoval Jeruzalem v roku 168 p. n. l. Pevnos\u0165 zohrala v\u00fdznamn\u00fa \u00falohu v povstan\u00ed Makabejcov<!--more--> a pri n\u00e1slednom vytvoren\u00ed Hasmonejsk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1\u013eovstva (140 \u2013 37 p. n. l.). Pevnos\u0165 bola zni\u010den\u00e1 \u0160imonom Makabejsk\u00fdm v \u010dase spom\u00ednan\u00e9ho povstania.<\/p>\n<h4>Zmienka z Biblie<\/h4>\n<p>V Biblii, ako v hlavnom zdroji o tejto pevnosti, sa p\u00ed\u0161e v Knih\u00e1ch Makabejcov. Hne\u010f na v \u00favode Prvej knihy Makabejcov sa p\u00ed\u0161e o stra\u0161n\u00fdch udalostiach prenasledovania \u017eidov po ohavnom vstupe Antiocha Epifanesa do Chr\u00e1mu (porov. 1Mak 1,20-28). A ke\u010f o dva roky pri\u0161iel vyslanec kr\u00e1\u013ea a hlavn\u00fd vybera\u010d dan\u00ed op\u00e4\u0165 do Jeruzalema, jeho \u013estiv\u00e1 n\u00e1v\u0161teva skon\u010dila vra\u017eden\u00edm \u017eidov (vv. 29-32). Nasleduj\u00faca spr\u00e1va opisuje ako dobyli Jeruzalem a urobili ve\u013ek\u00fa obrann\u00fa citadelu. Ver\u0161e 33-36 (SEB) traduj\u00fa jasne samotn\u00fa stavbu a jej v\u00fdznam.<\/p>\n<p>\u201e[33] D\u00e1vidovo mesto obstavali ve\u013ek\u00fdm a vysok\u00fdm m\u00farom s opevnen\u00fdmi ve\u017eami. Urobili si z neho pevnos\u0165.\u00a0[34] Tam usadili hrie\u0161nych \u013eud\u00ed, poru\u0161ovate\u013eov z\u00e1kona, ktor\u00ed sa tam zab\u00fdvali.\u00a0[35] Nahromadili si zbrane i z\u00e1soby potrav\u00edn a ulo\u017eili si tam koris\u0165, ktor\u00fa nakradli v Jeruzaleme, \u010d\u00edm sa pevnos\u0165 stala ve\u013ekou hrozbou.\u00a0[36] Stala sa \u00fakladnou pascou pre sv\u00e4ty\u0148u a natrvalo hrozn\u00fdm poku\u0161ite\u013eom pre Izrael.\u201c<\/p>\n<h4>Vyu\u017eitie pevnosti<\/h4>\n<p>V\u010faka d\u00f4le\u017eitej biblickej zmienke s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00ed archeol\u00f3govia (Stern; Wightmann) mienia, \u017ee Antiochus umiestnil do tejto pevnosti pos\u00e1dku, ktor\u00e1 mala zabezpe\u010di\u0165 helenistickej frakcii dostato\u010dn\u00fa kontrolu nad dian\u00edm na Chr\u00e1movisku. V Jeruzaleme sa slovo Akra stalo symbolom anti-\u017eidovsk\u00e9ho pohanstva a pevnos\u0165 akoby predstavovala \u201ebezbo\u017en\u00fdch a\u00a0zl\u00fdch\u201c.<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a> Pod\u013ea J. Sieversa gr\u00e9cka pos\u00e1dka, spolu so svojimi \u017eidovsk\u00fdmi spolo\u010dn\u00edkmi ovl\u00e1dali z tejto pevnosti nielen mesto, ale aj bl\u00edzke okolie<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Potla\u010denie \u017eidovsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho \u017eivota Seleukovcami sa stretlo so zna\u010dn\u00fdm odporom medzi dom\u00e1cim obyvate\u013estvom. K\u00fdm Antiochus bol zanepr\u00e1zdnen\u00fd v r 167 pred Kr. na v\u00fdchode, k\u0148az Mattathi\u00e1\u0161 z Modiin zapo\u010dal vzburu proti nadvl\u00e1de.<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a> Ani Seleukovsk\u00e1 spr\u00e1va a ani miestna heleniza\u010dn\u00e1 frakcia neboli schopn\u00e9 ovl\u00e1dnu\u0165 povstanie. V roku 164 pred Kr. J\u00fada Makabejsk\u00fd oslobodil Jeruzalem a\u00a0znovu posv\u00e4til chr\u00e1m. Hoci spolu s mestom aj jeho okolie sa povstalcom pod\u013eahli, pevnos\u0165 Akra a jej obyvatelia sa nevzdali. Makabejci obliehali pevnos\u0165, ale odporcovia, ktor\u00fa v\u00a0nej zostal a\u00a0br\u00e1nili sa, vyslali poslov Seleusk\u00e9mu kr\u00e1\u013eovi Antiochus V\u00a0so \u017eiados\u0165ou o pomoc.<\/p>\n<p>Seleukovci vyslali arm\u00e1du, aby potla\u010dila povstanie. Pri obliehan\u00ed Bet-Zur, J\u00fada Makabejsk\u00fd so svojimi povstalcami bol n\u00faten\u00fd zanecha\u0165 obliehanie pevnosti Akra a\u00a0postavi\u0165 sa v\u00a0bitke proti Antiochovi. V bitke pri Bet-Zacharia, Seleukovci vyhrali nad Makabejcami a\u00a0t\u00ed boli n\u00faten\u00ed ust\u00fapi\u0165 (porov. 1Mak 6,18-47). Akra v\u00a0prvom n\u00e1por Makabejcom obst\u00e1la v\u00a0ruk\u00e1ch jej vlastn\u00edkov a\u00a0ostala e\u0161te po dobu cca 20 rokov v\u00a0ruk\u00e1ch Seleukovcov, ktor\u00ed z\u00a0nej odrazili nieko\u013eko Hasmonejovsk\u00fdch pokusov vysadi\u0165 z\u00a0nej gr\u00e9cku anti\u017eidovsk\u00fa pos\u00e1dku.<\/p>\n<h4>Zni\u010denie pevnosti<\/h4>\n<p>Dva zdroje poskytuj\u00fa inform\u00e1cie o kone\u010dnom osude pevnosti Akra. Ich spr\u00e1vy s\u00fa v\u0161ak odli\u0161n\u00e9. Pod\u013ea Jozefa Fl\u00e1via, \u0160imon Makabejsk\u00fd zb\u00faral pevnos\u0165 po tom, \u010do znej vyhnal gr\u00e9cku pos\u00e1dku. Kopec, na ktorom pevnos\u0165 st\u00e1la, zn\u00ed\u017eil, aby nebol vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ako samotn\u00fd Chr\u00e1m, mesto o\u010distil od zl\u00fdch povesti a\u00a0nedovolil vst\u00fapi\u0165 odporcom do mesta Jeruzalem (<em>Ant <\/em>13,215-217). In\u00fa spr\u00e1vu pod\u00e1va Prv\u00e1 kniha Makabejcov:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u201e\u0160imon ustanovil, aby sa tento de\u0148 ka\u017ed\u00fd rok radostne oslavoval. Opevnil chr\u00e1mov\u00fd vrch ved\u013ea pevnosti a b\u00fdval tam s jeho \u013eu\u010fmi.\u201c (SEB 1Mak 13,52)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Pod\u013ea biblickej spr\u00e1vy \u0160imon nezni\u010dil pevnos\u0165, ba dokonca sa v\u00a0nej s\u00e1m zdr\u017eoval. Kniha v\u0161ak nehovor\u00ed o\u00a0\u010fal\u0161om osude pevnosti. Akra v\u0161ak bola postaven\u00e1 ako stanovi\u0161te, z\u00a0ktor\u00e9ho sa mohlo vynikaj\u00faco monitorova\u0165 udalosti, a\u00a0tak ma\u0165 kontrolu nad Jeruzalemom a jeho obyvate\u013emi. Ak by sa mala nach\u00e1dza\u0165 v D\u00e1vidovom meste, s\u00a0\u010d\u00edm viacer\u00ed odborn\u00edci s\u00fahlasia, tak jej umiestnenie by pridalo Jeruzalem\u010danom strategicky skuto\u010dne ve\u013emi m\u00e1lo, aby sa mohli bezpe\u010dne obr\u00e1ni\u0165 proti vonkaj\u0161\u00edm hrozb\u00e1m. Je mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee pevnos\u0165 vy\u0161la z\u00a0pou\u017e\u00edvania a bola demontovan\u00e1 koncom 2. stor. p. n. l., po v\u00fdstavbe Hasmoneovskej Baris a Hasmoneovsk\u00e9ho pal\u00e1ca hornej \u010dasti Jeruzalema.<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a><\/p>\n<h4>Lokaliz\u00e1cia pevnosti<\/h4>\n<p>Lokalizovanie pevnosti Akra m\u00e1 v\u00fdznam najm\u00e4 kv\u00f4li pochopeniu s\u00favislost\u00ed v\u00a0ich dejinnom a\u00a0politickom kontexte v Jeruzaleme pr\u00e1ve po\u010das bojov medzi Makabejcami a Seluekovcami. Av\u0161ak ani objavom \u00fadajnej novej mo\u017enosti lokalizovania tejto pevnosti sa problematika neobjasn\u00ed. Jestvuje viacero mo\u017enost\u00ed kde sa pevnos\u0165 mohla nach\u00e1dza\u0165. \u0160tandardne archeol\u00f3govia vych\u00e1dzali zo spr\u00e1v, ktor\u00fa m\u00e1me od Jozefa Fl\u00e1via. Ten pod\u00e1va v\u00a0jeho zn\u00e1mom diele\u00a0\u017didovsk\u00e9 staro\u017eitnosti pomerne podrobn\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie o\u00a0tom, \u017ee Akra sa nach\u00e1dzala v \u201edolnej\u201c \u010dasti mesta a\u00a0to na kopci, z\u00a0ktor\u00e9ho bol dobr\u00fd v\u00fdh\u013ead na chr\u00e1mov\u00e9 n\u00e1vr\u0161ie.<\/p>\n<p>\u201e&#8230; ke\u010f [kr\u00e1\u013e] zb\u00faral mestsk\u00e9 hradby, postavil v dolnej \u010dasti mesta citadelu [po gr\u00e9cky <em>akra<\/em>], preto\u017ee to miesto bolo vyv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 a\u00a0bol z\u00a0neho v\u00fdh\u013ead na Chr\u00e1m; Z\u00a0toho d\u00f4vodu miesto opevnil vysok\u00fdmi m\u00farmi a ve\u017eami, a\u00a0umiestnil do neho pos\u00e1dku Maced\u00f3n\u010danov. Av\u0161ak, v tejto citadele b\u00fdvala bezbo\u017en\u00e1 a zl\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 z\u00a0mno\u017estva t\u00fdch, od ktor\u00fdch, ako sa uk\u00e1zalo, si obyvatelia vytrpeli mnoho bolesti a ne\u0161\u0165astia (<em>Ant<\/em>. 12,252-253).<a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Umiestnenie pevnosti pod\u013ea slov Jozefa Fl\u00e1via v &#8220;dolnej \u010dasti mesta&#8221;, resp. v \u201edolnom meste\u201c sa zvykne ch\u00e1pa\u0165 ako vyv\u00fd\u0161enina na juhov\u00fdchodnej \u010dasti od chr\u00e1mu, ktor\u00e1 je tradi\u010dne zn\u00e1ma pod n\u00e1zvom D\u00e1vidovo mesto. Le\u017eiace na juh od Chr\u00e1mov\u00e9ho n\u00e1vr\u0161ia, je miesto z\u00a0dne\u0161n\u00e9ho poh\u013eadu v\u00fdrazne ni\u017e\u0161ie ako je z\u00e1kladn\u00e1 \u00farove\u0148 Chr\u00e1mov\u00e9ho n\u00e1vr\u0161ia; t\u00e1 je asi o 30 vy\u0161\u0161ia ako je ter\u00e9n, ktor\u00fd sa nach\u00e1dza na juh od \u010dasti, ktor\u00fa a\u017e nesk\u00f4r dal vystava\u0165 Herodes. \u010c\u00edm ju\u017enej\u0161ie, t\u00fdm viac s\u00a0ter\u00e9n zni\u017euje. Fl\u00e1vius ako roden\u00fd Jeruzalem\u010dan si bol ur\u010dite vedom\u00fd tejto v\u00fd\u0161kovej \u010dlenitosti ter\u00e9nu. Bez probl\u00e9mov spom\u00edna (vi\u010f vy\u0161\u0161ie), ako \u0160imon zb\u00faral Akru a\u00a0miesto zarovnal s\u00a0okolit\u00fdm ter\u00e9nom.<\/p>\n<p>Archeologick\u00fd v\u00fdskum terit\u00f3ria na juh od Chr\u00e1mov\u00e9ho n\u00e1vr\u0161ia v\u0161ak, neodkryl \u017eiadne d\u00f4kazy pre tak\u00fato monument\u00e1lnu kon\u0161trukciu.<a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a> Naopak, vykop\u00e1vky v\u00a0tejto ju\u017enej \u010dasti pri\u013eahlej k\u00a0chr\u00e1movisku, odhalili mno\u017estvo d\u00f4kazov o\u00a0ob\u00fdvan\u00ed a\u00a0to u\u017e od po\u010diatku prv\u00e9ho tis\u00edcro\u010dia p. n. l. a\u017e po R\u00edmske obdobie.<a href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a> To silne spochyb\u0148uje v\u00fdklad Jozefovej spr\u00e1vy o tom, \u017ee v\u00a0helenistickom obdob\u00ed bola t\u00e1to oblas\u0165 v\u00fdrazne vy\u0161\u0161ia a\u00a0\u017ee ve\u013ek\u00fd kopec bol zn\u00ed\u017een\u00fd [34]<\/p>\n<p>Z\u00a0dan\u00fdch faktov v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina archeol\u00f3gov us\u00fadila, \u017ee Jozefova spr\u00e1va mus\u00ed by\u0165 prehodnoten\u00e1 rovnako ako aj umiestnenie pevnosti Akra na juh od Chr\u00e1mu. Od kedy Edward Robinson v\u00a0roku 1841 navrhol lokaliz\u00e1ciu Akry v\u00a0bl\u00edzkosti Chr\u00e1mu Bo\u017eieho hrobu jestvuje do dnes dobr\u00fd tucet r\u00f4znych te\u00f3ri\u00ed o\u00a0tom, kde sa t\u00e1to pevnos\u0165 na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00e9ho Star\u00e9ho mesta Jeruzalema p\u00f4vodne nach\u00e1dzala.<\/p>\n<p>Odborn\u00edci navrhovali teda lokalizovanie pevnosti najm\u00e4 na \u010dast\u00ed tzv. <em>z\u00e1padn\u00e9ho n\u00e1vr\u0161ia<\/em>, t. j. z\u00e1padne od chr\u00e1moviska, presnej\u0161ie na v\u00fdchodnej strane z\u00e1padn\u00e9ho Jeruzalemsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1vr\u0161ia, v\u00a0dne\u0161nej \u017eidovskej \u010dasti Star\u00e9ho mesta. No hoci t\u00e1to lokalita bola ob\u00fdvan\u00e1 i v\u00a0\u010dase Prv\u00e9ho chr\u00e1mu, nie je v\u00a0nej ve\u013ea archeologick\u00fdch dokladov o\u00a0stavb\u00e1ch v\u00a0hel\u00e9nskom obdob\u00ed a\u00a0okrem toho, umiestnenie nedovo\u013euje tak\u00fa kontrolu nad chr\u00e1moviskom, o\u00a0akej hovoria texty.<\/p>\n<p>Medzi v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 n\u00e1vrhy z\u00a0t\u00fdch, \u010do situuj\u00fa Akru do <em>severn\u00fdch lokal\u00edt <\/em>Jeruzalema patr\u00ed Decosterov n\u00e1vrh z\u00a01989. Pod\u013ea neho Fl\u00e1viove vyjadrenie \u201ev dolnej \u010dasti mesta\u201c treba ch\u00e1pa\u0165 z\u00a0poh\u013eadu Jeruzalem\u010dana, \u010do dovo\u013euje vn\u00edma\u0165 ktor\u00fako\u013evek \u010das\u0165 na v\u00fdchod od \u201esyrov\u00e9ho \u00fadolia\u201c (<em>Tyrapoeon<\/em>), vr\u00e1tane severnej lokality, nesk\u00f4r zn\u00e1mej ako Ant\u00f3nia.<a href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a> S. Loffreda graficky nazna\u010dil (vi\u010f mapu ni\u017e\u0161ie) ak\u00e9 r\u00f4zne mo\u017enosti navrhli experti na Jeruzalemsk\u00fa topografiu.<a href=\"#_ftn9\" name=\"_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a> Evidentne miesto Akry nie je zn\u00e1me ani dnes.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00a0novembri 2015 zverejnila Izraelsk\u00e1 spolo\u010dnos\u0165 Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA) spr\u00e1vu, o\u00a0tom, \u017ee archeol\u00f3govia pod veden\u00edm Dorona Ben-Amiho objavili v\u00a0lokalite Givati parking, ju\u017ene od chr\u00e1moviska, zvy\u0161ky relat\u00edvne ve\u013ek\u00e9ho opevnenia, ktor\u00e9 by mohlo by\u0165 doteraz neobjavenou pevnos\u0165ou Akra. \u010ci objav t\u00fdchto m\u00farov v\u00a0spomenutej lokalite, ktor\u00e1 by posunula \u00fadajn\u00fa pevnos\u0165 op\u00e4\u0165 k \u201eju\u017en\u00fdm\u201c n\u00e1vrhom (), bude patri\u0165 k\u00a0v\u00e1\u017enym kandid\u00e1tom skuto\u010dnej pevnosti Akra, to uk\u00e1\u017ee \u010fal\u0161ia diskusia medzi ostatn\u00fdmi archeol\u00f3gmi a odborn\u00edkmi na p\u00e1l\u010div\u00fa topografiu Jeruzalema.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">B.\u0160.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">[Aktualizovan\u00e9 8. decembra, Jeruzalem]<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> G. J. Wightman, \u201cTemple Fortresses in Jerusalem Part I: The Ptolemaic and Seleucid Akras\u201d, <em>Bulletin of the Anglo-Israeli Archaeological Society<\/em> 9 (1990) 29-40, 19-40.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> J. Sievers, \u201cJerusalem, The Akra, and Josephus\u201d, <em>Josephus and the History of the Greco-Roman period. Essays in Memory of Morton Smith<\/em> (ed. F. Parente \u2013 J. Sievers) (Studia post-biblica 41; Leiden 1994) 195-208.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> S. Rocca, <em>The Forts of Judaea 168 BC \u2013 AD 73<\/em> (Oxford 2008) 4.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> L. Dequeker, \u201cThe City of David and the Seleucid Acra in Jerusalem\u201d, <em>The Land of Israel: Cross-roads of Civilizations. Proceedings of the Conference Held in Brussels from the 3rd to the 5th of December 1984 to Mark the Twenty-fifth Anniversary of the Institute of Archaeology Queen Elisabeth of Belgium at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. In memory of Y. Yadin and Ch. Perelman<\/em> (ed. E. Lipinski) (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 19; Leuven 1985) 193-210.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> Pre kompletn\u00e9 diela Jozefa Fl\u00e1via, porov. Flavius Josephus, <em>The Works of Josephus. Complete and Unabridged; New Updated Edition<\/em> (ed. W. Whiston) (Peabody 2003).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> Wightman, \u201cTemple Fortresses in Jerusalem Part I: The Ptolemaic and Seleucid Akras\u201d.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> E. Mazar, <em>The Complete Guide to the Temple Mount Excavations<\/em> (Jerusalem 2002) 7-73.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> K. Decoster, \u201cFlavius Josephus and the Seleucid Acra in Jerusalem\u201d, <em>ZDPV<\/em> 105 (1989) 70-84, 70-84.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> S. Loffreda, <em>Topografia di Gerusalemme fino al 70 d.C.<\/em> http:\/\/www.sbf.custodia.org\/detail.asp?c=1&amp;p=0&amp;id=2367 (Dispense; Gerusalemme 1998) 44.<\/p>\n<p>Verzia pr\u00edspevku <a href=\"http:\/\/www.blazejstrba.eu\/?file_id=211\"><em><strong>Op\u00e4\u0165 Akra<\/strong><\/em> v pdf<\/a> obsahuje aj mapu Jeruzalema s mo\u017en\u00fdmi n\u00e1vrhmi miesta pevnosti Akra.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>P\u00e1r faktov na \u00favod Akra (v hebrej\u010dine \u05d7\u05e7\u05e8\u05d0 alebo \u05d7\u05e7\u05e8\u05d4, je prepis z gr\u00e9ckeho A\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1) bola opevnen\u00e1 mas\u00edvna stavba v Jeruzaleme, ktor\u00fa dal postavi\u0165 vl\u00e1dca Seleukovskej r\u00ed\u0161e a ob\u00e1van\u00fd heleniz\u00e1tor Antiochus Epif\u00e1nes (175 \u2013 164 p. n. l.), po tom \u010do vydrancoval Jeruzalem v roku 168 p. n. l. Pevnos\u0165 zohrala v\u00fdznamn\u00fa \u00falohu v povstan\u00ed &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/blazejstrba.eu\/it\/akra-pevnost\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Op\u00e4\u0165 Akra<\/span> <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11,16,17],"tags":[],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.0","language":"it","enabled_languages":["sk","en","it"],"languages":{"sk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"en":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"it":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blazejstrba.eu\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4117"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blazejstrba.eu\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blazejstrba.eu\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blazejstrba.eu\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blazejstrba.eu\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4117"}],"version-history":[{"count":18,"href":"https:\/\/blazejstrba.eu\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4117\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4140,"href":"https:\/\/blazejstrba.eu\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4117\/revisions\/4140"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blazejstrba.eu\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4117"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blazejstrba.eu\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4117"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blazejstrba.eu\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4117"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}